谓语动词

  • 谓语动词
  • 非谓语动词

谓语动词

  1. 时态
  2. 语态
  3. 语气

时态: 时间承载词 + 状态词 (时+态)

  1. 状态词
  2. 时间承载词
  3. 组合
状态词
  • 一般态: do
  • 进行态: doing
  • 完成态: done
时间承载词
  • do
  • be
  • have
组合
  • 过去 + 将来: did + will = would
  • 完成 + 进行: (have done) + (be doing) = have been doing

语态

Be + done

组合
  • 正在被: be doing+ be done = be + being done
  • 已经被: have dong + be done = have been done
  • 已经正被: have done + be doing = have been doing

一般态: (过去, 现在, 将来)

  • 事实/真理 (规律性/常态性/定义性)

    • The sun rises ub the east.
    • I go to school every day.

    无时间性

  • 同步解说 (当前时间/瞬时性)

    • He passes the ball.

will ==> 不确定语气 / 意愿,意志

一般现在时/进行时 表示将来 <== 事先安排好的

完成态:(过去, 现在, 将来)

  • 强调截止时间

We have been working overtime for a week to fill your order

By the end of the year I will have finished the degree

Some in the audience will have been standing in line for two hours at the start of the lecture, 10 minutes from now.

情态动词

表不确定

  • 时态(未来)
  • 情态动词
  • 情态副词
  • 特殊动词
  • 条件/假设句
常见情态动词
  • must
  • shall / should
  • May / might
  • will / would
  • can / could
情态动词的个性用法
共性用法
推测过去(真/假)

虚拟语气

语气是用来表示真假性

  • 真实语气

  • 半真半假语气(推测不确定)

    • It may be raining now
    • It will rain tomorrow

  • 假语气(虚拟语气: 与事实相反)

If he ware here, I would see him\

过去的事情(历史)是已经发生过的, 是事实!!!是不可以被假设的!如果非要对过去的事情假设, 那就是虚拟语气.

现在: if从句(were / did) , 主句(would / could / might do)

I am not a bird.

I can not fly in the sky

虚拟: If I were a bird, I would fly in the sky.

过去: if从句(had done), 主句(would/could/might have done)

He did not know her.

He did not greet her.

虚拟: If he had known her, he would have greeted her.

将来: if从句(were to do / should do), 主句(would/could/might do).

were to do: 绝无可能实现

should do: 不太可能实现, 但万一实现呢? 表希望实现

与事实相反的从句
  • as if “好像”
  • wish “希望”
  • would rather “宁愿, 宁可”
  • if only “要是… 就好了”

现在: were/did

过去: had done would have done

将来: would do

命令建议

坚持 insist

命令 order, command

建议 advise, consider, suggest, recommend

要求 require, request, demand, desire/ask

以上词法构成的派生词, 引出的名词性从句:

  • My advice is that…
  • This is my suggestion that…
  • It is demanded that…
  • He insisted that…

非谓语动词

  1. 动名词 –> 事件 / 事实 / 动作
  2. 不定式 –> 可能(不确定语气); 意愿 / 意志 / 责任
  3. 分词
    • doing –> 主动进行 : 一直 / 正在
    • done –> 被动完成: 被/已经/已经被
动名词

动名词兼有 动词 和 名词 的特征. 他可以跟宾语, 也能被副词修饰, 动名词有 时态和语态 的变化. 又具有名词的性质, 在句中可以充当 主语 , 表语, 宾语, 定语

  • Eating an apple in the morning is one of his habits. (主语)
  • I like swimming. (宾语)
  • Seeing is believing. (表语)
  • He may be in the reading room. (定语)
  • Thank you for having taken so much trouble to help. (时态)
  • I don’t like being laughed at public. (语态)
不定式 = 情态动词 + 动词原型

  1. 原型: cam / may / must / shall / should / would / will / might do sth == to do sth

  2. 不确定语气

  3. Have done 表过去 He seem to have caught a cold.

  4. 互相改写:

    • must = have to do sth
    • Shall / should = ought to do sth
    • may / might = be likely to do sth / be allowed to do sth
    • will / would = be willing to do sth / be going to do sth
    • can / could = be able to do sth / be allowed to do sth

    均可以 = to do sth

  • To run machines needs power. 主语
  • I want to raise some money to help the poor girl. 宾语
  • Her wish was to become a teacher. 表语
  • I have something to do this evening. 定语
  • We don’t allow such things to happen again. 补语
  • i’m sorry to have lost your key. 状语+时态
  • He was said to have been living in London for twenty years. 成分+时态
  • The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 成分+时态+语态
分词

既保留了 动词 的用法, 又间距了 形容词 或 副词 的功能. 所以, 可以担当 表语, 定语, 状语, 补语.

  • The man standing in front of our classroom is our headmaster. 定语
  • Where did you get this exciting news? 定语
  • Walking in the field, he noticed an unusual flower. 状语
  • Inspired by your story, we decide to try again. 状语
  • She had her hair cut last week. 补语
  • This place is so amazing! 表语
辨析

  1. 分开理解还是整体理解

  2. 分词做形容词时如何区别?

    • doing –> 主动”令人…”
    • done –> 被动”感觉…”

  3. doing是现在分词还是动名词

  4. 使役动词和感官动词后的动词不定式用动词原形?

    • 使役动词/let/make/have/help : 强迫操控+ 确定语气(可省略to)
    • 变被动时, 语气变化成”被迫”,”不得不做”, 相当于must / have to = to do
    • 感官动词 see/watch/hear… “看到”,”听到” (确定发生) : 看到/听到+ 确定语气

    I saw him work in the garden yesterday.

    I saw him working in the garden yesterday.

  5. 什么时候跟doing 和 to do sth?

    • enjoy doing sth
    • ask sb to do sth
    • remember to do sth
    • remember doing sth

名词词组

限定词 + 修饰词 + 名词

限定词

名词词组中对名词中心词起 特指, 类指以及表示 确定数量 和 非确定数量 等限定作用的词类

限定词位置分类
  • 前位限定词: 表全部; 倍数; 分数
  • 中位限定词: 表所属, 范围限定(冠词/指示代词/物主代词/名词所有格)
  • 后位限定词: 表多少, 数字(基数词/序数词/表示数量的词)
零冠词

可数名词的复数和不可数名词的单数前无限定词也是名词词组

可数名词
  • 具体形状的物体, 可计算
  • 计量单位
不可数名词
  • 动名词(事件/动作): smoking jogging
  • 抽象名词(非实物/概念性): beauty intelligence
  • 物质性名词(无法分为个体): water air paper
  • 专有名词(特定或独一无二): Beijing Yale University Mark Twain

He found missing letter

He found letter missing

修饰成分

功能上分: 定语, 状语

先看是不是修饰的名词, 判断是不是定语, 然后判断是不是状语

修饰语

  • 形容词
  • 副词
  • 介词短语
  • 从句
  • 不定式
  • 分词

形容词

复合形容词

限定词+ 修饰词(形容词性) + 名词

中位不能放 短语 , 要么中间放一个 单词, 要么放一个复合形容词(A-B-C)

复合形容词就是两个或两个以上的词加连字符形成的形容词, 通常置于名词前

  • 数词 + 名词 This is a five-year program
  • 数词 + 名词 + 形容词 A five-year-old boy
  • 名词 + 现在分词 Mary is a heart-breaking girl
  • 名词 + 过去分词 the heart-broken boy
  • 副词 + 现在分词 The low-lying area was flooded
  • Well 或 ill + 过去分词
    • well-know
    • well-dressed
    • ill-considered
    • ill-judged
  • 形容词性的词 + 名词变成的过去分词 a big-eyed girl
  • 直接连接 That hard-to-solve problem
形容词的顺序

相对性排序: 越是相对不变靠近名词

an expensive new Japanese sports car

all those twenty beautiful small yellow old French wood table

比较级

  1. 写出两个简单句

  2. 找出两个简单句中的比较点

  3. 用more … than 把两个简单句连接成一个主从复合句

    • as … as

    • Less … than

    • not so … as

    • not as … as

      程度副词 + 从属化连词

  4. 省略比较状语从句中的相同的比较点

  5. 美化: 省略, 倒装, 换代词

    省略比较点, 动词省略或者倒装

代词的使用 that / those

隐形比较点

最高级
  • 范围
  • 指定
    • 形容词最高级前通常用 the
    • 形容词most前面没有the, 不表示最高级的含义, 只表示”非常”

副词

比较级
位置

The boss wanted this man to be punished badly. X

  1. The boss badly wanted this man to be punished.
  2. The boss wanted this man to be badly punished.

其他修饰成分

  • 介词短语
  • 从句
  • 不定式
  • 分词
介词短语

介词 + 宾语(名词词组, 代词, 数词)

从句

从属化连词 + 主干

不定式

to + do

分词

doing / done

  • 和动名词的区别
  • 用法区别

done 翻译

  • 被
  • 已经
  • 已经被

三大从句

一个句子对应一个句号
  • 复合句: 从属化连词
  • 并列句: 并列连词

连接句子的是连词, 不是介词或者副词

分号,并列两个句子, 逗号不能使句子丧失独立性

连接副词前必须加分号.或者逗号,分开两个句子(连接副词不能起并列作用)

连接副词:

  • Therefore, thus(因此) => 有连词so的意思
  • however, nevertheless(然而) => 有连词but的意思
  • Moreover, furthermore, in addition, beside(况且/再说/此外) => 有连词and 的意思
  • Overwise(否则) => 有连词or的意思

so that 目的状语

so … that +结果

名词性从句

形容词性从句

副词性从句

并列连词

  • and; but; or; so; for; while;
  • Not only … but also …; either … or …; neither … nor…;
  • not … but …; both … and;

并列连词需要并列前后平行对称, 即链接对等的单词, 短语或者句子

三大从句的结构特点

主语从句
  • 主语从句 + V + O
  • it is sth 主语从句
表语从句
  • S + 系V + 表语从句

Be; seem; look; appear; sound; remain (加be判断是不是系动词)

宾语从句
  • S + Vt + 宾语从句 (非谓语动词后也能加宾语从句)
  • S + V + 介词 + 宾语从句
  • S + Vt + O + 宾语从句
  • S + be + adj + 宾语从句 ( 系动词加表语相当于是谓语动词 )
  • S + Vt + it + OC + 宾语从句 (形式宾语)
定语从句(位置灵活)
  • S + Vt + O(n) + 定语从句(后置定语)
  • S(n) + 定语从句(后置定语) + Vt + O
  • S + Vt + O(n) , + 非限制性定语从句
  • 介词 + n + 定语从句, S + Vt + O

定语从句可以修饰句子中的任何一个名词, 限制性定语从句在名词之后, 非限制性定语从句有前有后.

状语从句
  • 状语从句, S + V + O
  • S + 状语从句 + V + O

完整的句子之后, 不是定语就是状语

S + V + O + 定语/状语 从句(状语可以放在句首判断)

从句连词的选择

  1. 判断从句的类型
  2. 看从句是否完整或看从句缺什么

定语从句连词做宾语可以省略

名词性从句的本质

两个句子合并成一个句子, 充当成分

that ==> 陈述句

whether ==> 一般疑问句

what who where when ==> 特殊疑问句

定语从句的由来: 两个简单句有相同名词, 合并成定从

I read the book.

The book is famous.

==> I read the book the book is famous

==> I read the book that/which is famous (替代the book)

This is the hall.

We listen to the report in the hall

==> This is the hall that/which/不填 We listen to the report in (the hall) (介词不能单独放) (in that产生歧义,不能用that)

==> This is the hall where/in which we listen to the report

n ==> that, which 指物; that, who, whom 指人

n’s ==> whose 从句缺定语

介词 + n ==> where, when, why 从句缺状语(缺 介 + n)

定从中连词 = 从句限定的n

两个简单句中 n 相同, 合并从句时用连词替代重复 n.

非限制性定语从句: 标志’ , ‘

This is Beijing which is the capital of China (X)

专有名词不需要限定

This is Beijing, which is the capital of China.

非限制, 不限制Beijing. 补充说明

过去的北京和现在的北京 ==> 专有名词普通化

I like movies which make me think

I like movies, which kill time

用非限制性定语从句的原因

  1. 所修饰的n 不需要限定, 只要补充和说明
  2. 用”, which” 连词时, which也可以指代前面完整的主句

as在定语从句中的使用

as在定语从句中的用法与which用法相似, 但也有区别

相似: as在定语从句中指代所修饰的n; 在非限定从句中也可以指代完整的主句内容

I had never heard such an interesting story ____ you told me yesterday

定语从句中: Such / the same / as / so + n + as 体现一致性(可做主语, 宾语, 表语)

非限制性定从:

  • which 翻译为: 这一点, 只能放在主句之后
  • as 翻译为: 正如, 从句可前可后可中间

Her father is too hard on her, which she can’t bear

定语从句中which和that的区别

which指物, that既可以指物又可以指人. 当which与that都指物时的区别

that/which 具体情况
只能用that 代 高 序 双 特
只能用which 1. 有” , “ 2.介词之后

that ==> 指代具体

把握定语从句中” 介词 + which/whom/whose” 的用法

介词选用: “看前n, 看后v, 看句意(从句和所修饰的n)”

状语从句—-重点是认识九大状语从句连词

只能背

  • 时间状语从句
  • 条件状语从句
  • 原因状语从句
  • 目的状语从句
  • 结果状语从句
  • 让步状语从句
  • 比较状语从句
  • 方式状语从句
  • 地点状语从句

从句简化(词性不变)

谓语动词变化:

  • Be + 其他 ==> 其他
  • 情态动词 + do ==> to do
  • 其他情况 ==> doing

变化原则词性不变

名词性从句只能变成名词性短语

定语从句和状语从句同理

定语从句的简化

  1. 条件: 关系代词在定语从句中做主语.
  2. 步骤:
    1. 将关系代词省略
    2. 变定语从句的谓语动词

名词从句的简化

主语从句简化

直接用动名词的复合结构来替代主语从句, 放在句首做主语.

That he lost the game came as a surprise to everybody

His losing the game came as a surprise to everybody

动名词的复合结构: 物主代词或名词所有格与动名词连用.

that引导词的同位语从句与动名词

名词 + that同位语从句 变成了一个动名词结构 名词 + of + 动名词的复合结构

There was no chance that Davy would come from the battle alive.

There was no chancve of Davy (Davy’s) coming from the battle alive.

We were greatly encouraged by the news that China had launched another man-made satellite.

We were greatly encouraged by the news of China having launched another man-made satellite.

That引导词的宾语从句与动名词或不定式

I hope that I can drive to work in my own car.

I hope to drive to work in my own car.

I would like that you can go to the concert with me.

I would like you to go to the concert with me.

I dislike that I am kept waiting.

I dislike being kept waiting.

wh- 从句的简化

She can’t decide whether she should go with him or stay home.

She can’t decide whether to go with him or stay home.

I don’t know what I should do.

I don’t know what to do.

Please tell me how I can get to the bus station.

Please tell me how to get to the bus station.

状语从句简化

  1. 条件: 状语从句的主语 = 主干的主语
  2. 步骤:
    1. 确定是否省略状语从句的连接词(不产生歧义)
    2. 将状语从句的主语省略
    3. 变状语从句的谓语动词

省略和倒装

省略

在英语中为了追求语言的简介凝练, 在不产生歧义的情况下, 常省略句中的一个或几个成分.

倒装

倒装句是指由于修辞的需要, 谓语动词发生前移的语句. 优点是:

  1. 突出重点.
  2. 上下文更好衔接, 增加连贯性.

倒装句主要的三种形式:

  1. 引用宾从
  2. 地点副词
  3. 否定副词

引用宾从

地点/时间副词

there / here / now / then

代词不能倒装

Only 特殊形式:

only修饰后面的一个状语, 才需要倒装.

Only 强调范围

Only in this way can you solve this problem

Only last week jack went aborad.

Only jack went abroad last week.

介副词

表示否定的副词提前

助动词或be前置; 普通动词do替代前置.